| Failure | Mitigation | |---------|-------------| | | Read replicas, caching, connection pooling | | Cache stampede | Request coalescing, probabilistic early expiration | | Queue backlog | Auto-scaling consumers, backpressure, dead-letter queues | | Network partition | Retry with backoff, circuit breakers, idempotency | | Single point of failure | Redundancy at every layer (LB, DB, cache, queue) | | Slow downstream service | Timeouts, circuit breakers, bulkheading |