For minor external cracks or small holes:
Based on diagnosis, the feature recommends one or more methods: repairing clay sewer pipe
Clay sewer pipes, specifically vitrified clay pipes (VCP), were the industry standard for municipal and residential sewer lines for much of the 20th century. While durable against chemical corrosion, they are susceptible to structural failure due to ground movement, root intrusion, and aging. This report outlines the current state of clay pipe repair, contrasting traditional excavation methods with modern "trenchless" technologies. It concludes that while excavation remains necessary for total collapse, trenchless methods such as Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP) and Pipe Bursting offer cost-effective, less invasive alternatives for rehabilitation. For minor external cracks or small holes: Based