Measured during diastole using the leading-edge-to-leading-edge method at the sinuses of Valsalva.

A Z-score of 0 represents the exact average for a healthy population.

Clinicians use specific mathematical models to calculate aortic Z-scores. Different models can yield slightly different scores for the same raw measurement.

Lower heart rate and reduce the force of cardiac contraction. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs): Block TGF- signaling pathways to slow down tissue degradation. Surgical Thresholds

Incorporates a wide range of pediatric variables.

Clinical Note: Patients must be tracked using the exact same formula over time to ensure data consistency. Clinical Management Based on Z-Score Progression